MPC
Multi-Party Computation, or MPC, is a cryptographic method that lets several independent parties compute something together without any one of them knowing the others’ private data. In GhostWare, MPC ensures that no single node ever has complete access to sensitive information, such as encryption keys or routing data.
Instead of storing or processing everything in one place, MPC splits data into multiple secret parts that only make sense when combined. Even if one node is compromised, the attacker learns nothing useful.
Why It Matters
Traditional systems rely on central servers or custodians to handle private data. That creates single points of failure if one system is hacked or forced to reveal data, privacy is lost.
MPC removes that weakness. Each participant holds only a small piece of a secret, and no one can see the full picture. This structure protects GhostWare users even under pressure or attack.
MPC also supports forward secrecy even if future nodes are compromised, past data stays protected because keys are rotated and never exist in full anywhere.
How It Works
Secret Sharing Sensitive data, such as a private key, is split into random pieces called shares. Each share is useless on its own.
Distributed Computation When a computation is needed, each node performs its part locally using its share. The network then combines the results to produce an output, such as a signature or validation, without revealing the underlying data.
Threshold Security Only a minimum number of nodes (a threshold) need to cooperate to complete the computation. Fewer than that cannot reconstruct the secret.
Automatic Rotation Keys and secrets can be refreshed periodically, creating new shares so that no long-term data exposure occurs.
Use in GhostWare
Key Management: Wallet and session keys are distributed across nodes rather than stored in one place.
Forward Secrecy: Older sessions remain safe even if current relays are compromised.
Transaction Mixing: Relays can shuffle transactions collaboratively without any one knowing the full route.
Secure Proof Generation: MPC can be used to generate zero knowledge proofs without a trusted coordinator.
Advantages
No Single Point of Trust: Privacy depends on collective honesty, not one trusted operator.
Resilience Against Attacks: Compromising one node does not expose users.
Built-In Redundancy: The system continues to function even if some nodes go offline.
Combinable with ZK Proofs: MPC and ZK proofs together create trustless, private computation with verifiable integrity.
Simple Example
Imagine three servers share control of a key. Each holds one piece. When a transaction needs to be signed:
Each server performs a small mathematical step using its piece.
They combine their partial results to form a complete signature.
The key itself is never reconstructed it only exists in the final signature result.
This process is invisible to the user but provides massive security benefits.
In GhostWare’s Design
MPC is the final layer that makes GhostWare’s privacy model complete. It turns the network into a cooperative system where no single party holds too much power. Even under legal, technical, or physical pressure, GhostWare remains private by design.
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